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French alphabet and rules for reading French

The French alphabet is the most important building block for learning French. In this article, we will look at the French alphabet and the basic rules for reading and pronouncing words in French.

алфавит французского языка

French alphabet in a table with transcription

Like the English alphabet, the French alphabet consists of 26 letters:

Aa [a]Jj [Ʒ]Ss [s]
Bb [b]Kk [k]Tt [t]
CcLl [l]Uu [y]
Dd [d]Mm [m]Vv [v]
EeNn [n]Ww [v]
Ff [f]Oo [o]Xx
GgPp [p]Yy [i]
HhQqZz [z]
Ii [i]Rr [r]

Now let’s talk about how to pronounce each letter in French. Letters «a», «e», «i», «o» and «u» – are vowel sounds that are pronounced in much the same way as in English. However, there are differences, you will find out soon.

In general, there are many ways to spell the letter “e” in French: е, è, ê, é. We will deal with them a little later, but at the initial stage, you will be able to read and pronounce words, knowing, that letter «е» is pronounced like «е».

Knowing the letters of the alphabet and the sounds they represent is important not only for reading and writing in French, but also for spelling.

Rules for reading in French

When reading a text in French, it is important to understand some basic rules of pronunciation. They are listed below:

      1. Vowel sounds. There are five vowel sounds in French: «a», «e», «i», «o» and «u». They’re easy:

        • A letter “a” is similar to the “a” in the English word “cat“.
        • Letter “e” sounds like the “e” in “bed.”.

        • Letter “i” is similar to the “ee” in the English word “see“.

        • Letter “o” is similar to the “o” in the English word “pot

        • The French “u” in “lune” is unique and involves rounding your lips while making the “ee” sound. For example, the word cuvette is read [cuvette], listen:

          1. Consonant sounds. Next, you need to know how consonant sounds are pronounced. Each letter has its own sound. For example:

            • Lettere “b”, “d”, “f”, “k”, “m”, “n”, “p”, “s”, “t”, “v” are pronounced like in English, so we won’t dwell on that here.

            • The letter “c” is pronounced “k” or “s” depending on the vowel that follows it. If it is followed by the vowel “a”, “o”, or “u”, it is pronounced “k”, as in the word “mascarade”. And if letter “c” is followed by the vowel “e”, “i” or “y”, it is pronounced as “s”, as in the word “certificat” – read [ser-tee-fee-kah] – we do not read the “t” at the end of the word.
            • There is also a special letter “ç” in French. It is used to make the sound sound like [c] in cases where there are no letters “e”, “i”, “y” in the word. For example, in the word “garçon” (boy), we read it as [garson].

            • The letter “h” does not have its own sound and is not pronounced, but it can affect the pronunciation of other sounds.

            • The letter “j” is pronounced like “g”, as in the word “bonjour” – we pronounce it [bawn-zhoor].

            • The letter “g” in French is pronounced like “g”, for example, the word “garage”, which is read as [gah-rahzh]. But when it comes before the letters “e”, “i”, or “y”, it is pronounced as “g”. For example, the word “général” is read [zhay-nay-ral], the word “régime” is read [ray-zheem].
            • The letter “l” is pronounced softly, “l”, as in “table”, which is pronounced [tah-bl’]. Repeat after the speaker:

              1. Combinations of letters: In French, there are also combinations of consonant and vowel sounds. Some of them are pronounced in a special way. For example:

              • The combination of “ch” is pronounced “sh”, as in the word “chance” (luck) reads [shahnss].

              • The combination “ph” is pronounced “f”, as in the word “photo” – pronounced [foh-toh]. Listen:

              • The combination “gn” is pronounced like “n”, as in the word “champignons” (mushrooms) – pronounced [shahng-pee-nyon]. Let’s listen:

              • The combination “qu” is pronounced “k” as in the word “quatre” (four) – let’s pronounce it [ka-tr,].

              • The letter combination “ou” is pronounced “u”, as in the word “fourchette” (fork) – pronounced [foor-shet].

              • The combination of “ai” and “ei” is read as “e”, for example, “éclair” (lightning) – pronounced [ay-klair].

              • The combination “oi” is pronounced like the “oo” sound, for example, “croissant” – pronounce [kwah-sahn].

              • The combination of “au” and “eau” is pronounced “o”. For example, “débauche” is pronounced [day-bosh].

              • The combination “eu“, “œu” is pronounced as the “e” sound as in the word “honey”, for example, “fleur” (flower) – pronounce [flur].

              • The combination “gu” is pronounced like the “g” sound, for example, “guitare” (guitar) is pronounced [gee-tar]. Listen:

              • The combination “ill” is pronounced like the “ie” sound, for example, “famille” (family) – pronounce [fa-meey]. Listen:

                But there are 3 exceptions: Mille (thousand) is pronounced [meel’], ville (city) is pronounced [ville], and tranquille (calm) is pronounced [tranquil].

              • Буква «y». Ви зараз зрозумієте чому ми її помістили в блок після всіх інших звукових сполучень. Щоб правильно її вимовляти, треба уявити, що буква «y» розкладається на «i + i». Наприклад, voyage (подорож) ми вимовимо як voi+iage – [вуаяж]. Послухайте та повторіть:

            3. Французький наголос

            Наголос ЗАВЖДИ на останній склад. Можете потренуватися на своєму імені. Якщо вас звуть Маша – французькою ваше ім’я звучатиме МашА (якщо не брати до уваги французький еквівалент Marie, який вимовляється як МарІ).

            Із чоловічими іменами точно так само, приміром Микита – французькою ім’я звучатиме як МикитА. І в подальших прикладах ми будемо позначати наголос на останній склад великою літерою на письмі (щоб ви не забували робити правильний наголос).

            4.ТЕ-ЩО-НЕ МОЖНА-ВИМОВЛЯТИ

            Треба запам’ятати і змиритися з тим, що у французькій дуже багато літер наприкінці слова не читаються. Приголосні літери s, t, d, z, x, p і g або їхні поєднання наприкінці слова не читаються.

            • Якщо слово починається з букви «h», вона ніколи не читається. Наприклад: un hôpital (лікарня) – вимовляється як [опитАль].
            • Буква “t” в кінці слова не читається.

            5. Знамените носове звучання. Носові звуки

            Правила читання та вимови носових французьких голосних мають свої особливості. Коли ви вимовляєте слово з носовим голосним, воно звучить так, ніби воно занурюється в ніс, наближаючись до звуку «н», але ніколи не досягаючи його повністю.

            an, am, en, em читаються як “аñ” (тут і далі мається на увазі «н», яка вимовляється в ніс: ñ):

            • plan [plañ]

            • champ [ʃañ]

            Це лише деякі основні рекомендації, які мають допомогти вам краще ознайомитися з правилами читання французькою мовою. З практикою та терпінням з часом вам стане легше сприймати матеріали, написані цією мовою.

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